مجله زبانشناسی و گویش های خراسان
پیاپی 32 (پاییز 1402)

Lexical typology is related to the specific ways in which languages incorporate meaning into words. In this way, lexical typology, which deals with words, can be considered a sub-branch of semantic typology. Recently, studies in cognitive linguistics have shown how body parts act as a source for conceptualizing different experiences such as feeling, thinking, etc., and are represented in different ways in different cultures. Using words that refer to body parts can help us express our feelings more accurately. This study tried to take a look at the lexical typological patterns of the role of body names in expressing the emotions of Persian speakers. This research may be considered the first typological collection of the figurative role of body names in describing emotions. This comparative-analytical study was done based on the studies of linguists in this field. For this purpose, 50 sentences of linguistic evidence were extracted from Persian language database and some written sources and were categorized based on the concept of nouns in expressing emotions. It was tried to examine the samples based on their role in expressing emotions. Data analysis was done on the patterns proposed by Ponsonnet and Laginha (2020) and the most prevalent body names. Moreover, the findings indicated that the words "heart", "eye" and "liver" are used more than other words in Persian to express feelings; however, in order to make an accurate assessment of this opinion, extensive research that combines a culture-specific and cross-cultural approach is needed.

Bilingualism is associated with structural adaptations of subcortical regions taking part in controlling multiple languages. The thalamus is a paired gray matter structure located near the center of the brain, regulating the information transmission to cortical regions. In a recent fMRI study, the sensitivity of the thalamus to grammatical and ungrammatical stimuli has been shown at whole-brain level in the first language (L1) of bilinguals. This study explored the activation patterns of bilateral thalamus in both L1 and L2 using a ROI-based approach. To do so, the percentage of signal change for grammatical and ungrammatical stimuli in L1 and L2 was extracted as the intensity measure per participant. Thirty-six Turkish-Persian bilinguals (21 women) who had acquired their L2 at the age of 7 were selected. Based on the Bilingual Dominance Scale, there was no significant difference between the proficiency level of participants in L1 (Turkish) and L2 (Persian). Participants carried out an auditory grammaticality judgment task in an alternating language switching paradigm while fMRI images were acquired. ROI-based results confirmed the grammaticality effect only in L1 and the left thalamus. Considering that L1 was the dominant language in this study and gave rise to larger reversed language dominance effects, it was suggested that the engagement of the thalamus in L1 is not associated with syntactic processing but instead may exert an overall monitoring and control function for language-specific cortical activities.

Language can be studied from various perspectives. One of the methods for studying linguistic variations in society is examining cultural sources such as stories, novels, musical productions, poems, and ancient myths. Among the topics that have received significant attention in the media and have an important place in the representations is the concept “gender”, particularly the representation of masculinity or femininity. The representation of patriarchy has various positive and negative aspects and varies across different cultures. The portrayal of a powerful and influential man is influenced by the components of a culture and its role and position within that context. This study aimed to explore the representation of patriarchy in a positive form in ancient Persian poetry from the perspective of social linguistics. To achieve this, verses that have a clear connection with the subject matter of the research, that is, gender-based linguistic interaction, were selected. Using Barthes’ three-level semiotic analysis method, the representation of the male character and specifically the father, as well as the linguistic position of the father compared to other roles, were analyzed from the perspective of social linguistics. The results on that the ancient poetry showed the representation of male linguistic control, linguistic dominance of the father over other roles, the absence of dialogue, and the establishment of a framework for making requests from the central male figure (father), as well as gendered language in linguistic interactions. This representation is based on the ideology and patriarchy discourse in society, and although it has been considered positive in society and culture, it does not hold the same position and role in contemporary society.

The identity of women and the issues related to them are currently important all over the world, but due to some traditions that govern the societies, this part of the society has always been considered the second class. This way of looking at women's identity has also appeared in fiction. Since the discourse analysis emphasizes the principle that the way of creating each discourse is rooted in the viewpoint and opinion of the creator of that discourse and the social conditions and beliefs of that period, considering the principles of Van Dijk's ideological square, the threefold function of discourse, as well as the discourse strategies used by the authors, the novels were analyzed at semantic, description, style, and reasoning levels. This descriptive-analytical study was done on four famous Persian novels: Soovashoon by Daneshvar, I will turn off the lights by Pirzad, Year of riot by Maroufi, and Ahu Khanum’s husband by Afghan. Using the principles and common concepts of Van Dijk’s discourse analysis, and also through the examination of dialogues, presuppositions, description, interpretation, arguments and other discourse concepts, the formation of the identity of women in different social classes, taking the role of mother and wife, and their efforts to prove their identity were explored. As a result, three factors, including social behavior, educational behavior, and awareness were pinpointed as the main factors of representing women’s identity that allow it flourish.

Cognitive linguistics, as one of the main categories of cognitive science, looks at language as a tool for discovering the structure of the human cognitive system. Cognitive semantics, as one of the basic fields of cognitive linguistics, has various theories such as image schemas, conceptual fusion, mental spaces, permission, and metaphor. The contemporary Arab and Iranian poets’ attention towards the romantic school is considered the starting point of transformation in contemporary poetry, and the romantics are among the leading groups whose efforts started the transformation of Arabic and Persian literature and producing works that fits the contemporary era. Although the number of these groups was small at the beginning and they mostly considered changes in the meaning of poetry, it didn't take long for their number to increase and in a short period of time, they changed the content and structure of contemporary Arabic and Persian poetry. This influence was so wide that between the two world wars, the most prominent Arab and Farsi-speaking poets who created universal works were followers of the romantic school. The connection between the world's social disorders and sadness, which is one of the main themes of romantic poetry, is one of the factors helping the expansion and permanence of this deep influence. An attempt was made in this study do a comparative study of linguistic romanticism in the poems of Ansi al-Haj and Houshang Ebtehaj. For this purpose, the concepts of cognitive linguistics and comparative criticism were used.

Archetype is one of the fundamental terms in Jung's psychology and is located in the individual and collective unconscious of mankind. One of the main places of the manifestation of human unconscious is art and literature. In the ancient Persian poetry, especially the epic poems Bahmannameh and Farammarznameh, archetypes such as Pir Dana (the old wise) have been reflected for the realization of specific purposes or goals, which have been investigated in the present research by referring to library sources and descriptive-analytical method. This study was done in the field of epic literature using Jung's psychology. For this purpose, the dreams mentioned in these two works were taken into consideration. The archetypal criticism of the mentioned works led to the discovery of the nature, characteristics and role of myths in the poetic worldview of the creators of the work. It can be said that Pir Dana appears in the world of dreams as a vague character (like a bird) to the kings and heroes of the epic poems Bahmannameh and Faramaraznameh and gives the road map to heroes such as Bahman, Rostam, Garshasp, Fereidoun, Key Khosrow and Siavash. Moreover, sometimes Jamasb and Zal in the role of wise old man, in the world of sleep and wakefulness (familiar and obvious character), interpret the dreams of these famous warriors and separate the head from the nose; Therefore, Pir Dana has a familiar and vague identity. Generally, Pir Dana has had merciful, favorable and direct impact on the biases of the action of kings and heroes and had changed the course of the epic.

Taking van Dijk's theory and critical approach, this study sought to examine the discursive strategies employed by James Morier in the transformation and representation of Oriental-Iranian life. To do so, by examining Haji Baba Esfahani’s biography novel, the study attempted to answer the following questions: 1) How did Morier's ideology affect his speech? 2) How are the identity and life of the Eastern-Iranian represented in the speech of this Western and Christian writer? 3) What are the most practical methods and strategies to identify Morier's ideology in the novel? To this end, the authors have critically examined the role of these representations in the production processes of colonial discourse. The data were collected from libraries, and the research method was descriptive-analytical. The findings demonstrated that Morier's discourse contains representations of the East as it has been conceived by Western Orientalists, which is seen as “other” in their ideology and connected to racism. On the basis of this ideology, Morier has attempted to present an unpleasant picture of Iranian society during the Qajar era by changing the negative image and giving himself identity by attributing negative traits to Iranians. It is worth noting that ideological structures are expressed in several ways in the novel’s discourse in terms of “meaning”, “formal structures”, and “rhetoric”.

So far, various theories have been proposed in various scientific branches on the category of personality, among which are the opinions of Jean Shinoda Bolen. Taking an archetypal approach and considering Greek myths, he has represented new dimensions of each character based on their attributes. Bolen's comments have a favorable impact in providing a new reading of fictional texts and the characters present in them. Accordingly relying on library sources, taking a descriptive-analytical method, and considering Jean Shinoda Bolen’s archetypal views, the personalities of Yeki Boud Yeki Naboud (once upon a time) by Mohammad Ali Jamalzadeh were examined. The archetypal characteristics of the characters are considered with regard to their actions and psychological functioning, which can reveal the hidden layers of their characteristics. The results of showed that the influence of the archetypes of Hades, Zeus, Hephaestus, Dionysus and Hermes have been in the inner and outer world of characters, and the result of this influence has been sometimes positive and sometimes negative. This shows Jamalzadeh’s belief in the grayness of human personality and removing the absolutism (good or bad) in dealing with others. Moreover, it was found that Sheikh Jafar has the most complex personality in the story of the political man, who shows signs of the archetypes of Zeus (desire for power), Hermes (trickster and messenger), Hephaestus (inner dissatisfaction, weakness in political skills, etc.). These are evident in his actions, words and thoughts. Other characters are created and processed quite simply and predictably.